Diagenode

H3K9ac polyclonal antibody

Catalog Number
Format
Price
C15410004
(pAb-004-050)
50 µg
$380.00
  Bulk order
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Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against histone H3, acetylated at lysine 9 (H3K9ac), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.

LotA1435-0012D
Concentration1.35 µg/µl
Species reactivityHuman, mouse, pig, zebrafish, Poplar, Daphnia, P. Falciparum: positive.
TypePolyclonal
PurityAffinity purified
HostRabbit
PrecautionsThis product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Applications Suggested dilution References
ChIP/ChIP-seq * 1-2 μg/ChIP Fig 1, 2
ELISA 1:1,000 Fig 3
Dot Blotting 1:20,000 Fig 4
Western Blotting 1:1,000 Fig 5
Immunofluorescence 1:500 Fig 6

* Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 μg per IP.

  • Validation data

    H3K9ac Antibody ChIP Grade

    Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9ac
    ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K9ac (Cat. No. C15410004) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 μg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 μg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers speci c for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that acetylation of K9 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.

    H3K9ac Antibody ChIP-seq Grade

    H3K9ac Antibody for ChIP-seq

    H3K9ac Antibody for ChIP-seq assay

    H3K9ac Antibody validated in ChIP-seq

    Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9ac
    ChIP was performed with 1 μg of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9ac (Cat. No. C15410004) as described above and the IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and an 800 kb region of the X-chromosome ( gure 2A and B) and in 100 kb regions surrounding the GAPDH and EIF4A2 positive control genes ( gure 2C and D). These results clearly show an enrichment of H3K9ac at the promoters of active genes.

    H3K9ac Antibody ELISA validation

    Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer
    To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9ac (Cat. No. C15410004) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modi cation of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:31,700.

    H3K9ac Antibody validated in Dot Blot

    Figure 4. Cross reactivity test using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9ac
    A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9ac (Cat. No. C15410004) with peptides containing other histone modi cations and the unmodi ed H3K9 sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4 shows a high speci city of the antibody for the modi cation of interest. Please note that this antibody recognizes the H3K9 acetylation, both in the presence and the absence of the K14 acetylation.

    H3K9ac Antibody validated in Western Blot

    Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9ac
    Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K9ac (Cat. No. C15410004) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.

    H3K9ac Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence

    Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9ac
    HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9ac (Cat. No. C15410004) and with DAPI. Cells were xed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immuno uorescently labelled with the H3K9ac antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.

  • Target Description

    Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases.

  •  お客様の声

    I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications H3K4me3, H3k27me3, H3K9ac, H4k8ac and H3K18ac provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., antibodies, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.

    Dr. Ermelinda Lomazzo, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, AG Prof. Beat Lutz. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
  •  実験手法
    ELISA
    Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Read more
    DB
    Dot blotting Read more
    WB
    Western blot : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies. Learn more about: Load... Read more
    IF
    Immunofluorescence: Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9 HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (... Read more
    ChIP-seq (ab)
    Read more
    ChIP-qPCR (ab)
    Read more
  •  資料
    Datasheet H3K9ac C15410004 DATASHEET
    Datasheet description
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    Antibodies you can trust POSTER
    Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of lar...
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    Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure BROCHURE
    More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many e...
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  •  Safety sheets
    H3K9ac antibody SDS US en Download
    H3K9ac antibody SDS GB en Download
    H3K9ac antibody SDS BE fr Download
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    H3K9ac antibody SDS ES es Download
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  •  出版物

    How to properly cite this product in your work

    Diagenode strongly recommends using this: H3K9ac polyclonal antibody (Diagenode Cat# C15410004 Lot# A1435-0012D). Click here to copy to clipboard.

    Using our products in your publication? Let us know!

    Noncanonical regulation of imprinted gene Igf2 by amyloid-beta 1-42 inAlzheimer's disease.
    Fertan E. et al.
    Reduced insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be the mechanism relating age-related metabolic disorders to dementia. Since Igf2 is an imprinted gene, we examined age and sex differences in the relationship between amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ) accumulation and epigenetic regulation...

    Analyzing the Genome-Wide Distribution of Histone Marks byCUT\&Tag in Drosophila Embryos.
    Zenk F. et al.
    CUT&Tag is a method to map the genome-wide distribution of histone modifications and some chromatin-associated proteins. CUT&Tag relies on antibody-targeted chromatin tagmentation and can easily be scaled up or automatized. This protocol provides clear experimental guidelines and helpful considerations when ...

    The histone acetyltransferase KAT6A is recruited to unmethylatedCpG islands via a DNA binding winged helix domain.
    Weber L.M. et al.
    The lysine acetyltransferase KAT6A (MOZ, MYST3) belongs to the MYST family of chromatin regulators, facilitating histone acetylation. Dysregulation of KAT6A has been implicated in developmental syndromes and the onset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previous work suggests that KAT6A is recruited to its genomic targ...

    HISTONE DEACETYLASE 15 and MOS4-Associated Complex subunits3A/3B coregulate intron retention of ABA-responsive genes.
    Tu Yi-Tsung et al.
    Histone deacetylases (HDAs) play an important role in transcriptional regulation of multiple biological processes. In this study, we investigated the function of HDA15 in abscisic acid (ABA) responses. We used immunopurification coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify proteins interacting with HD...

    Broad domains of histone marks in the highly compact macronucleargenome.
    Drews F. et al.
    The unicellular ciliate contains a large vegetative macronucleus with several unusual characteristics, including an extremely high coding density and high polyploidy. As macronculear chromatin is devoid of heterochromatin, our study characterizes the functional epigenomic organization necessary for gene regulation a...

    CREBBP/EP300 acetyltransferase inhibition disrupts FOXA1-bound enhancers to inhibit the proliferation of ER+ breast cancer cells.
    Bommi-Reddy A. et al.
    Therapeutic targeting of the estrogen receptor (ER) is a clinically validated approach for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (ER+ BC), but sustained response is limited by acquired resistance. Targeting the transcriptional coactivators required for estrogen receptor activity represents an alternative approach...

    Frataxin gene editing rescues Friedreich's ataxia pathology in dorsal rootganglia organoid-derived sensory neurons.
    Mazzara, PG and Muggeo, S and Luoni, M and Massimino, L and Zaghi, M andValverde, PT and Brusco, S and Marzi, MJ and Palma, C and Colasante, Gand Iannielli, A and Paulis, M and Cordiglieri, C and Giannelli, SG andPodini, P and Gellera, C and Ta
    Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative and cardiac disorder which occurs when transcription of the FXN gene is silenced due to an excessive expansion of GAA repeats into its first intron. Herein, we generate dorsal root ganglia organoids (DRG organoids) by in vitro differentiation of ...

    Epigenetic, transcriptional and phenotypic responses in Daphnia magna exposed to low-level ionizing radiation
    Thaulow Jens, Song You, Lindeman Leif C., Kamstra Jorke H., Lee YeonKyeong, Xie Li, Aleström Peter, Salbu Brit, Tollefsen Knut Erik
    Ionizing radiation is known to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage as well as epigenetic effects in aquatic organisms. Epigenetic changes can be part of the adaptive responses to protect organisms from radiation-induced damage, or act as drivers of toxicity pathways leading to adverse effects. To investigate the ...

    An epigenetic map of malaria parasite development from host to vector.
    Witmer K, Fraschka SA, Vlachou D, Bártfai R, Christophides GK
    The malaria parasite replicates asexually in the red blood cells of its vertebrate host employing epigenetic mechanisms to regulate gene expression in response to changes in its environment. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing in conjunction with RNA sequencing to create an epigenomic and tr...

    USP22-dependent HSP90AB1 expression promotes resistance to HSP90 inhibition in mammary and colorectal cancer.
    Kosinsky RL, Helms M, Zerche M, Wohn L, Dyas A, Prokakis E, Kazerouni ZB, Bedi U, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA
    As a member of the 11-gene "death-from-cancer" gene expression signature, overexpression of the Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 22 (USP22) was associated with poor prognosis in various human malignancies. To investigate the function of USP22 in cancer development and progression, we sought to detect common USP22-depende...

    Impact of human sepsis on CCCTC-binding factor associated monocyte transcriptional response of Major Histocompatibility Complex II components.
    Siegler BH, Uhle F, Lichtenstern C, Arens C, Bartkuhn M, Weigand MA, Weiterer S
    BACKGROUND: Antigen presentation on monocyte surface to T-cells by Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II (MHC-II) molecules is fundamental for pathogen recognition and efficient host response. Accordingly, loss of Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DR (HLA-DR) surface expression indicates impaired mono...

    SIRT1-dependent epigenetic regulation of H3 and H4 histone acetylation in human breast cancer
    Khaldoun Rifaï et al.
    Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide. It is well established that the complexity of carcinogenesis involves profound epigenetic deregulations that contribute to the tumorigenesis process. Deregulated H3 and H4 acetylated histone marks are amongst those alterations. Sirtuin-1 (...

    Epigenetic regulation of vascular NADPH oxidase expression and reactive oxygen species production by histone deacetylase-dependent mechanisms in experimental diabetes.
    Manea SA, Antonescu ML, Fenyo IM, Raicu M, Simionescu M, Manea A
    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by up-regulated NADPH oxidase (Nox) contribute to structural-functional alterations of the vascular wall in diabetes. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone acetylation, emerged as important regulators of gene expression in cardiovascular disorders. Since their role in diabete...

    Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig.
    Kociucka B. et al.
    Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. ...

    Krüppel-like transcription factor KLF10 suppresses TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via a negative feedback mechanism
    Mishra V.K. et al.
    TGFβ-SMAD signaling exerts a contextual effect that suppresses malignant growth early in epithelial tumorigenesis but promotes metastasis at later stages. Longstanding challenges in resolving this functional dichotomy may uncover new strategies to treat advanced carcinomas. The Krüppel-like transcription f...

    Lhx2 interacts with the NuRD complex and regulates cortical neuron subtype determinants Fezf2 and Sox11
    Muralidharan B. et al.
    n the developing cerebral cortex, sequential transcriptional programs take neuroepithelial cells from proliferating progenitors to differentiated neurons with unique molecular identities. The regulatory changes that occur in the chromatin of the progenitors are not well understood. During deep layer neurogenesis, we...

    Chronic stress leads to epigenetic dysregulation in the neuropeptide-Y and cannabinoid CB1 receptor genes in the mouse cingulate cortex
    Lomazzo E. et al.
    Persistent stress triggers a variety of mechanisms, which may ultimately lead to the occurrence of anxiety- and depression-related disorders. Epigenetic modifications represent a mechanism by which chronic stress mediates long-term effects. Here, we analyzed brain tissue from mice exposed to chronic unpredictable st...

    H3K4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation and H3K27 methylation in breast tumor molecular subtypes
    Judes G et al.
    AIM: Here, we investigated how the St Gallen breast molecular subtypes displayed distinct histone H3 profiles. PATIENTS & METHODS: 192 breast tumors divided into five St Gallen molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B HER2-, luminal B HER2+, HER2+ and basal-like) were evaluated for their histone H3 modifica...

    Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal-like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells
    Dagdemir A et al.
    BACKGROUND/AIM: Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line, representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl Transferas...

    Molecular and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Luminal Androgen Receptor: A Triple Negative Breast Cancer Subtype
    Judes G et al.

    Role of Annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration
    Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM
    The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine ac...

    VEGF-mediated cell survival in non-small-cell lung cancer: implications for epigenetic targeting of VEGF receptors as a therapeutic approach
    Barr MP et al.
    AIMS: To evaluate the potential therapeutic utility of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in targeting VEGF receptors in non-small-cell lung cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS: Non-small-cell lung cancer cells were screened for the VEGF receptors at the mRNA and protein levels, while cellular responses to vari...

    Spatiotemporal control of estrogen-responsive transcription in ERα-positive breast cancer cells.
    P-Y Hsu, H-K Hsu, T-H Hsiao, Z Ye, E Wang, A L Profit, I Jatoi, Y Chen, N B Kirma, V X Jin, Z D Sharp and T H-M Huang
    Recruitment of transcription machinery to target promoters for aberrant gene expression has been well studied, but underlying control directed by distant-acting enhancers remains unclear in cancer development. Our previous study demonstrated that distant estrogen response elements (DEREs) located on chromosome 20q13...

    Deciphering the principles that govern mutually exclusive expression of Plasmodium falciparum clag3 genes
    Rovira-Graells N, Crowley VM, Bancells C, Mira-Martínez S, de Pouplana LR, Cortés A
    The product of the Plasmodium falciparum genes clag3.1 and clag3.2 plays a fundamental role in malaria parasite biology by determining solute transport into infected erythrocytes. Expression of the two clag3 genes is mutually exclusive, such that a single parasite expresses only one of the two genes at a time. Here ...

    Dendritic cell development requires histone deacetylase activity.
    Chauvistré H, Küstermann C, Rehage N, Klisch T, Mitzka S, Felker P, Rose-John S, Zenke M, Seré KM
    DCs develop from multipotent progenitors (MPPs), which commit into DC-restricted common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs). CDPs further differentiate into classical DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Here, we studied the impact of histone acetylation on DC development in C57BL/6 mice by interfering with histone...

    Lysine-specific demethylase 1 regulates differentiation onset and migration of trophoblast stem cells.
    Zhu D, Hölz S, Metzger E, Pavlovic M, Jandausch A, Jilg C, Galgoczy P, Herz C, Moser M, Metzger D, Günther T, Arnold SJ, Schüle R
    Propagation and differentiation of stem cell populations are tightly regulated to provide sufficient cell numbers for tissue formation while maintaining the stem cell pool. Embryonic parts of the mammalian placenta are generated from differentiating trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) invading the maternal decidua. Here w...

    IL-23 is pro-proliferative, epigenetically regulated and modulated by chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.
    Baird AM, Leonard J, Naicker KM, Kilmartin L, O'Byrne KJ, Gray SG
    BACKGROUND: IL-23 is a member of the IL-6 super-family and plays key roles in cancer. Very little is currently known about the role of IL-23 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: RT-PCR and chromatin immunopreciptiation (ChIP) were used to examine the levels, epigenetic regulation and effects of various dr...

    Histone tail acetylation in brain occurs in an unpredictable fashion after death.
    Barrachina M, Moreno J, Villar-Menéndez I, Juvés S, Ferrer I
    Histone acetylation plays a role in the regulation of gene transcription. Yet it is not known whether post-mortem brain tissue is suitable for the analysis of histone acetylation. To examine this question, nucleosomes were isolated from frontal cortex of nine subjects which were obtained at short times after death a...

    IL-20 is epigenetically regulated in NSCLC and down regulates the expression of VEGF.
    Baird AM, Gray SG, O'Byrne KJ
    BACKGROUND: IL-20 is a pleiotrophic member of the IL-10 family and plays a role in skin biology and the development of haematopoietic cells. Recently, IL-20 has been demonstrated to have potential anti-angiogenic effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by down regulating COX-2. METHODS: The expression of IL-20...

    H3.5 is a novel hominid-specific histone H3 variant that is specifically expressed in the seminiferous tubules of human testes.
    Schenk R, Jenke A, Zilbauer M, Wirth S, Postberg J
    The incorporation of histone variants into chromatin plays an important role for the establishment of particular chromatin states. Six human histone H3 variants are known to date, not counting CenH3 variants: H3.1, H3.2, H3.3 and the testis-specific H3.1t as well as the recently described variants H3.X and H3.Y. We ...

    Epigenetic Regulation of Glucose Transporters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
    O'Byrne KJ, Baird AM, Kilmartin L, Leonard J, Sacevich C, Gray SG.
    Due to their inherently hypoxic environment, cancer cells often resort to glycolysis, or the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to form ATP to provide for their energy needs, known as the Warburg effect. At the same time, overexpression of the insulin receptor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with an ...

    H2A.Z demarcates intergenic regions of the plasmodium falciparum epigenome that are dynamically marked by H3K9ac and H3K4me3.
    Bártfai R, Hoeijmakers WA, Salcedo-Amaya AM, Smits AH, Janssen-Megens E, Kaan A, Treeck M, Gilberger TW, Françoijs KJ, Stunnenberg HG
    Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and their enzymes are promising targets for malaria therapeutic intervention; however, the epigenetic component of gene expression in P. falciparum is poorly understood. Dynamic or stable association of epigenetic marks with genomic features provides important clues about their funct...

    Histone modifications at the blastocyst Axin1(Fu) locus mark the heritability of in vitro culture-induced epigenetic alterations in mice.
    Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Ramirez MA, Pericuesta E, Calle A, Gutierrez-Adan A
    For epigenetic phenotypes to be passed on from one generation to the next, it is required that epigenetic marks between generations are not cleared during the two stages of epigenetic reprogramming: mammalian gametogenesis and preimplantation development. The molecular nature of the chromatin marks involved in these...

    Plasmodium falciparum heterochromatin protein 1 marks genomic loci linked to phenotypic variation of exported virulence factors.
    Flueck C, Bartfai R, Volz J, Niederwieser I, Salcedo-Amaya AM, Alako BT, Ehlgen F, Ralph SA, Cowman AF, Bozdech Z, Stunnenberg HG, Voss TS
    Epigenetic processes are the main conductors of phenotypic variation in eukaryotes. The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum employs antigenic variation of the major surface antigen PfEMP1, encoded by 60 var genes, to evade acquired immune responses. Antigenic variation of PfEMP1 occurs through in situ switches in...

    A rapid micro chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (microChIP).
    Dahl JA, Collas P
    Interactions of proteins with DNA mediate many critical nuclear functions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a robust technique for studying protein-DNA interactions. Current ChIP assays, however, either require large cell numbers, which prevent their application to rare cell samples or small-tissue biopsies, ...

    Regulation of EP receptors in non-small cell lung cancer by epigenetic modifications.
    Gray SG, Al-Sarraf N, Baird AM, Cathcart MC, McGovern E, O'Byrne KJ.
    BACKGROUND: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is frequently overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and results in increased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), an important signalling molecule implicated in tumourigenesis. PGE(2) exerts its effects through the E prostanoid (EP) receptors (EPs1-4). METHODS: The ...

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